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This, I think, is your Weekend Historical Video this weekend. Let's watch it in the rough.

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This Weekend's Video: Sidi Bouzid

Instead of the usual Weekend Historical Video, given the fact that we're witnessing quite a bit of history at the moment, I thought I'd leave you with this Al Jazeera English report on Sidi Bouzid, the birthplace of the Tunisian revolt.

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Weekend Historical Video: The Bizarre Career of SMS Goeben/TCG Yavuz

This week's Weekend Historical Video is more a slideshow than a video, but it tells the story of a ship whose career was, to say the least, bizarre. Crucial to the start of World War I, it became the flagship of the Turkish Navy through another World War and was only scrapped in the 1970s: SMS Goeben when in the German fleet., TCG Yavuz as the flagship of the fleet of the Turkish Republic. It's a good way to get your mind off Tunisia, Lebanon, and such for the weekend. And accordingly, it needs a lengthy introduction. But so you don't get bored with my narrative, you may want to watch the video before I tell the tale:




For a lot of modern English speakers, the First World War in the Middle East is a set of images from the movies Lawrence of Arabia and Gallipoli. But it was a lot more complex than that. The death throes of the Ottoman Empire created a lot of strange stories. For example, the three men who constituted the ruling triumvirate of the Committee of Union and Progress (the "Young Turks" ruling the Ottoman Empire when the First World War broke out) all had curious ends.
Enver Pasha, Talat Pasha and Cemal Pasha all died within a few years of the end of the war: Talat to an Armenian assassin in Germany in 1921, Cemal to an Armenian assassin in Tbilisi, Georgia, in 1922, and Enver, perhaps, had the strangest and most romantic end of all. Still a Turkish nationalist, he was unwelcome in Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)'s new republic, and after flirting with Lenin over a role in Turkic Central Asia, he joined the Basmachi revolt against the Bolsheviks in Central Asia. In 1922 he died in a cavalry charge against the Bolsheviks near Dushanbe, Tajikistan, or soon after it, depending on the account.

All that is just to remind that the end of the Ottoman era had some curious sidelights, though Enver at least is a major player in the story I'm about to tell. It's been told many times (Barbara Tuchman's The Guns of August tells it very well), but unless you follow World War I navies, it's probably not that well known to Americans, and its Turkish aftermath rarely gets attention.

Goeben, a battle cruiser, and the light cruiser Breslau had been dispatched to the Mediterranean during the First and Second Balkan Wars (1912-1913) to project Imperial German Power (this was the era of Mahan's sea power theories and imperial projection) and remained there until the outbreak of war in August 1914. On August 3, when Germany and France declared war, the two ships headed for Algeria and bombarded Algerian ports, attempting to prevent the movement of French troops from North Africa to the mainland. The ships were then secretly ordered to Constantinople.

Heading for Messina in Sicily to recoal, the two ships encountered two British warships, but at this point Britain and Germany were not at war, so the British ships sought to shadow the Germans, expecting a declaration at any moment. The Germans put into Messina, but had to leave quickly due to Italian neutrality. Meanwhile, Britain entered the war and its Mediterranean fleet was ordered to intercept Goeben and Breslau.

The whole story is complex and later led to courts martial, but the British vessels expected the Germans to head for the Austro-Hungarian port of Pola (today Pula, Croatia) and were watching the Adriatic. Only four old British cruisers could approach the Germans, and they fell back feeling they could not engage a superior force. Goeben and Breslau. On August 10 they entered the Dardanelles.

Turkey was technically neutral, though War Minister Enver Pasha sought to bring it into the war on the side of the Central Powers. So to preserve neutrality, Germany transferred the ships to the Ottoman Navy. (This was also popular since Turkey was outraged that ships they had paid for and were building in a British shipyard had been seized by Britain for the war effort.)

Admiral Souchon, the German Commander, was named head of the Turkish fleet, and his men donned Turkish uniforms, complete with fezzes. Goeben was renamed Yavuz Sultan Selim and Breslau, Midilli.

As part of Enver's effort to bring Turkey into the war, in late October, though Turkey was still neutral, Yavuz bombarded Sevastopol, provoking war with Russia and thus with the whole Entente. She spent the rest of the war operating against the Russian Black Sea Fleet.

The Treaty of Sevres called for the Yavuz to be turned over to the British, but the Treaty of Lausanne, with the new Turkish Republic, allowed it to remain in Turkish service. Renovated several times, her name shortened to just Yavuz, she transported Ataturk's body when he died in 1938, and remained in service through World War II. She remained on the Navy register until 1954 (decommissioned in 1950) and finally scrapped in the 1970s.

The pursuit across the Mediterranean remains a great tale, but her Turkish afterlife is rarely remembered.

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Weekend Historical Videos: 1958

The year 1958 was a crucial one in what the late Malcolm Kerr called "The Arab Cold War," when Nasserism was sparring with more traditional Western-backed regimes, with the broader Cold War rivalry providing the lens for much Western interpretation of what was going on. The overthrow of the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq (and the deaths of the Royal Family), an incipient civil war in Lebanon, threats of a coup in Jordan, and the dispatch of US Marines to Lebanon and British troops to Jordan, all created a sense of explosive crisis which seemed more coordinated to many at the time than the historical evidence necessarily justifies. A few clips for this week's Weekend Historical Videos.

Two newsreels of the overall situation, clearly focused through a Cold War lens:





US Marines in Lebanon;



Video of the Lebanese crisis with only a musical background, but the presence of Pierre Gemayel in many of the clips makes me assume its a Phalangist video:



Have a good weekend.

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Weekend Historical Videos: the Holy Land 1911 to the 1930s

For my weekly Weekend Historical Videos, I thought it might be seasonally appropriate to show some video of the Holy Land in early travelogues and films. General Allenby entered Jerusalem on December 11, 1917, on foot (because the Kaiser had ridden a white horse, and many commented that Jesus had been satisfied with a donkey). Allenby, whose arrival in Jerusalem is shown on some of the WWI videos I've previously posted, said the taking of Jerusalem from the Turks was "a Christmas present for the British people." Thirty years later the British would not be so thankful for the Mandate. But taking Bethlehem and Jerusalem at Christmas, when the Western Front was still bogged down and Russia was leaving the war, was seen as symbolic. Allenby walking into Jerusalem is shown beginning at the 0:40 second mark on this clip:



Even earlier, this is alleged to be the first film of Palestine, made in 1911:



Most travelogues of the early Mandate era tended to emphasize Christian sites in Jerusalem and Bethlehem, so they're seasonally appropriate. The earliest ones are silent, of course. Many represent the classic travelogue view of the Holy Land (camels, donkeys, "just like in the Bible," unchanging people). I hope running these doesn't reinforce the stereotype; there are a few shots here which aren't as cliche-ridden.

Gethsemane and Bethlehem 1929 (also and inevitably, camels):



Hebron in the 1920s: Old pics of the Haram al-Khalil/Tombs of the Patriarchs, other sites, and of course lots of camels:



Jerusalem in the 20s: Jaffa Gate, Herod's Gate, old cars:



Damascus to Jerusalem, 1932:



Jerusalem 1930: Part Two; I couldn't find part one:



Another Jerusalem in the 1930s



And still stereotypical, Damascus and Jerusalem in 1938 (made for Western audiences, emphasis on camels, donkeys, and "time never changes" themes):



Just for contrast in narratives (and as a lesson in how to frame your message), here's a video presumably made in the Zionist Yishuv about Tel Aviv, an early color video, and clearly sending a completely different message:

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Weekend Historical Videos: Anwar Sadat

I've posted about Anwar Sadat several times, most recently and fully on October 6, the anniversary of his launching of the 1973 war and, eight years later to the day, of his assassination. Today for my Weekend Historical Videos, I've again raided YouTube for some weekend clips for you. The first three clips show the trip to Jerusalem through the Camp David accords; the last two are of the Sadat assassination. Unfortunately I couldn't find a good (free) clip in English, for the Jerusalem trip. There are some English segments where Sadat and Begin are speaking in English, but the narrative is in Hebrew (and my Hebrew is rudimentary at best, which is a gross exaggeration even then), while Sadat of course is speaking Arabic. But even so, I think you'll get a lot of the gist.

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Weekend Historical Video: King Farouq of Egypt

Your weekend historical video this week is a bunch of footage of King Farouq of Egypt. There's neither audio narrative (just music) nor subtitles so language isn't an issue. The background music is classical, but you won't lose anything without sound. (If it's Aida, the usual monarchical era classical music, it doesn't include the Grand March, which is the only thing I can recognize.) Whoever posted this to YouTube is obviously an Egyptian monarchist, since he calls it "King Farouk the Greatest," but he's welcome to his opinion. It's not widely shared. The Egyptian Royalty group on Facebook has just under 10,000 followers, but given Egypt's population of 80 million plus, that's hardly a groundswell. And a lot off those aren't in Egypt. That, plus the fact that the pretender (if he bothers, which he doesn't seem to), Prince Muhammad ‘Ali, Prince of the Sa‘id, has had to cope with rumors he has Israeli citizenship (apparently untrue, though his mother, who had converted to Islam to marry Fuad, reverted to her native Judaism). Anyway it's unlikely that monarchy is coming back, except in the Syrian/ North Korean model of a hereditary republic, if the Mubarak dynasty occurs.

The video includes shots from early in the reign of Farouq, the young King who actually spoke Arabic instead of Turkish and was genuinely popular at first, through his post-deposition exile. Most of the post-exile clip is a slide show of stills. You'll see two weddings (Farida first and Nariman second). You'll also see him sailing away from Egypt with his infant son in his arms. That infant was Egypt's last king, Ahmad Fuad II, who "reigned" theoretically from exile until the monarchy was abolished a year after the coup.

Note, as you watch these videos, Farouq's increasing chubbiness and, eventually, obesity. I'm not one to talk, since I wouldn't want you looking at comparable shots of my aging process, since I chubbed up too. But there's also a Picture of Dorian Gray aspect to it all: the King became more dissolute as he became fatter. Watch the video, and scroll down since I have one further comment.



Now my final note: that baby in the King's arms as he sailed into exile is still alive, about 58 now, and just about a year ago (a year yesterday in fact), when Farouq's last daughter Princess Ferial died, I blogged ahout Egypt's last King's appearance at her funeral, and ran this picture:

I doubt if by now you need to be told that the chap second from left is (deposed) King Ahmad Fuad II of Egypt. The overprint letters are from al-Yom al-7, who took the pictures. He's also the infant in those 1952 videos. The Royal Family is actually allowed to come and go in Egypt if they like, though they don't seem comfortable there.

But I was struck by how much Fuad II, who appeared handsome in youthful photos, now has become his father. Look at the videos of his father in the clip above, or at his father's Time cover:

The resemblance is not only unmistakable, but I suspect Ahmad Fuad (who gives his interviews in French, not Arabic, and has lived in Switzerland most of his life) is cultivating the look. Unless round eyeglasses are more popular in Switzerland than here.

Egypt is having a curious resurgence of interest in the monarchy, which I've blogged about before, perhaps because of the apparent dynastic intentions of the regime, but no great groundswell calling for the return of the dynasty.

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Four-Day Weekend Historical Video Blowout

Tomorrow is Thanksgiving Day here in the US, beginning a four-day weekend for those of us not in retail sales, but the busiest weekend of the year for retailers, since it's the traditional start of Christmas shopping. Though my daughter prefers Cornish game hens to turkey, we'll be otherwise traditional and I'll be off the grid for a few days.

For the past three weekends, plus the Veterans' Day holiday, I've been doing my Weekend Historical Videos feature. Since this is a four-day weekend, it's only appropriate to double down, or more. There are a couple of hours or more of video below.

My Veterans' Day post dealt with videos from World War I in the Middle East, which is by and large our first real video record of the region: the armies on both sides took black and white, soundless, jerky video of some of the major events. There's more surviving footage than I posted there, though, and to give you something to do during my four days of absence (barring something big), I've decided to do a big video dump here. Some of these are as short as a minute, some more than an hour. Unlike the Veterans' Day post, these have no real connection to Thanksgiving, unless I make the really atrocious pun that they all involve Turkey in some way. But I would never stoop so low as to do that. So here goes:

Lawrence of Arabia

A collector has posted a video of what he originally thought was all the known video of T.E. Lawrence ("of Arabia")(but see below), with, perhaps inevitably, the theme from the David Lean film as background. Since Lawrence is the first thing most Westerners think of when they think of the Great War and the Middle East, let's start here. (two minutes, 33 seconds):



He subsequently found a bit over one minute more:



Gallipoli

The British assault on the Dardanelles made a certain sense as long as it was a naval campaign, but when the Navy stalled and they decided to land ground troops, it became a great debacle. It ended Winston Churchill's career in the Admiralty and guaranteed he was never heard from again., (Well, almost.) The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) bore the brunt of the bloodshed, and ANZAC day is still their patriotic remembrance, as is blaming pommy bastards. So here's an early, silent, Aussie documentary about Gallipoli, restored by Kiwi Director Peter Jackson of Lord of the Rings fame, with actual footage from the disastrous Dardanelles campaign, especially the ANZAC forces (just under three minutes):

And, from the other side, Turkish film footage of the Gallipoli campaign, with no narrative:



Mesopotamia and the Rest

A BBC documentary narrated by Sir Michael Redgrave, on the Mesopotamian campaign, though starting with a general introduction to the War in the Middle East generally and ending with the Palestine campaign. (Redgrave uses the pronunciation that was still official BBC into the 1970s at least: pronouncing "Sinai" as "SINE-ee-ai" for no visible reason. It's not pronounced that way in any language, including English, except by the BBC, and even they seem to have dropped it.) Mesopotamia, or Iraq, which the soldiers charmingly dubbed "Messpot," was a huge hemorrhage for the British Indian troops fighting there, though now largely forgotten. Some day I want to write something about General Townshend at Kut, a delusional man who surrendered the largest British Army (though largely Indian) to surrender between Yorktown (1781) and Singapore (1942). In prison, he convinced himself that he ended the war with Turkey, and bragged of this in his memoir. He was wrong.

The documentary includes the Allenby campaign as well. (Many of the same clips and even some of the interviews were in the BBC piece I ran on Veteran's Day, in the latter part. The BBC recycles, apparently.) It's in four parts, 10 minutes each; total about 40 minutes.










Atatürk

A documentary on Kemal Atatürk in (sonorous, somewhat stentorian) English, but Turkish made and sponsored. While it does go into the 1920s and 1930s, the bulk of it deals with the war and the Greek-Turkish war which followed it, so I think it qualifies. Kemal was the only Turkish military commander to perform really well in the war (at Gallipoli, no less). Be warned. This is pure Kemalist/Turkish nationalist propaganda, but with lots of old video and stills in it. But take it with a grain of salt: the video accompanying the (poorly supported by the Royal Navy) naval attempt to run the Dardanelles, leading to the Gallipoli disaster, looks more like Jutland to me than the outmoded ships Britain actually used. If they'd had those dreadnoughts at Gallipoli, the Ottomans would have given up Constantinople and there might not have been a Russian Revolution. Then again, some documentary maker probably thought, ships are ships.

If you're Greek, Armenian, British, or possibly anything other than Turkish, it will seem heavy-handed at times, but watch it for the video. (Long: an hour and 21 minutes.)

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Weekend Historical Video: The 1956 Suez War

This week's "Weekend Historical Video" — again poaching from the wealth of YouTube so I can enjoy the weekend — is a BBC documentary on the 1956 Suez War. It doesn't carry a date but must be in the last few years since it includes much information that was only declassified after 40 years or more. [UPDATE: Looks like 2003.] But its strength is it contains, in addition to the inevitable talking heads, a lot of contemporary newsreel clips of Nasser, Eden, etc.

Now that 1956 is more than half a century in the past, the Suez War does not seem to occupy a very prominent place in most Westerners' collective memory; most aren't old enough to remember it. When it comes to Arab-Israeli wars, 1948 is enshrined in Israeli memory as the war of independence, and 1967 and 1973 are much studied as the formative matrices of the modern Middle East. Israel was a bit player in 1956, its invasion of Sinai a pretext (planned in advance) for the Anglo-French intervention. And in Britain and France, it's an incident best forgotten, the last death rattle of empire, when the once dominant powers were brought low by their erstwhile American ally, which turned out in those days to actually mean its anti-colonial rhetoric.

But Suez' memory is still alive in Egypt, for this was Nasser's finest hour, the defiant victory over the former colonial masters, his apotheosis as an Arab symbol, never completely erased even by the disaster of 1967. The victory over the "Tripartite aggression" is still a staple of school history in Egypt.

[In the documentary I do have one historical nit to pick. When discussing Nikita Khrushchev's nuclear threats against London and Paris, the documentary cuts to clips of a silo-launched missile and to another missile which is in fact an SA-2 surface-to-air missile. Neither of these was in service in 1956. The first Soviet ICBM, the R-7, was tested in 1957 (and launched Sputnik later that year) and none were silo-launched in the early days. The SA-2, which is an anti-aircraft defense, was also first introduced in 1957 and most famously demonstrated against Francis Gary Powers' U-2 in 1960. So those clips are anachronisms; though Khrushchev talked a lot about missiles, in those pre-Sputnik days most Westerners interpreted any nuclear threat as involving bombers.][End of Nitpick.]

The BBC documentary is in three parts, totaling about half an hour, below. Have a nice weekend.

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Weekend Historical Video: FDR Meets Ibn Saud

For this weekend's historical video, the meetings between Franklin D. Roosevelt and King Farouq, Haile Selassie, and King ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al Sa‘ud ("Ibn Saud") in the Suez Canal in February 1945. FDR was returning from the Yalta Conference on the USS Quincy.

The first film clip is partially in color; though the two clips show the same events there are some differences in detail.

The US Marine Corps colonel appearing in the meetings with Roosevelt and Ibn Saud is Colonel Bill Eddy, the US Minister to Saudi Arabia. You can find an account of the meeting written by Eddy here. For more about Eddy, see my MEI colleague Tom Lippman's 2008 book, Arabian Knight: Colonel Bill Eddy USMC and the Rise of American Power in the Middle East.

I note that both newsreels say that this is the first time Ibn Saud had left his Kingdom. I guess they mean since he became King; he spent his youth in exile in Kuwait until he led the raid on Riyadh that expelled the Rashid family and restored the Sauds, beginning the formation of the Kingdom.

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For Veteran's Day/Remembrance Day/Armistice Day; WWI in the Middle East Videos

For the eleventh hour, of the eleventh day, of the eleventh month, on the 92nd anniversary of the end of the Great War that did not, in fact, end wars, some old video in a documentary found on YouTube. Little info provided on the source, but the narration's British and it's embeddable, so I presume I'm not infringing. Video includes such things as the Mesopotamia campaign, Allenby entering Jerusalem, etc. The Middle East as we know it begins with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Here are some actual videos of its death throes. Consider it an early bonus to my new feature, Weekend Historical Videos.









Let me end, as I did last year, with a comment I made then and a video of Last Post in honor of what the Brits still call Remembrance Day:

Though Turkey (well, the Ottoman Empire) left the war a little bit earlier than November 11 (the Mudros Armistice was October 30), it was the war that really made the modern Middle East as well, or perhaps laid the groundwork for most of the battles of today: the Balfour Declaration, Hussein/McMahon correspondence, and the sore that still plagues Armenians and Turks, not to mention Greeks and Turks, and most of the territorial disputes in the region. I've always wished I'd used the title The Peace to End All Peace, but David Fromkin got there first in a highly readable book on the postwar Middle East settlements. (Actually, the line was first used, I believe, in 1066 and All That.)For many years, and perhaps still in parts of Europe, people would observe two minutes of silence at 11 am on 11/11. If it has taken you two minutes to read this, perhaps you just did as well . . .

Unfortunately, the war did not end all wars, and may have made several inevitable. But remembrance may help, in some small way, to remind us of what was once one of the major observances in the Western world.

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A New Feature: Weekend Historical Video: I: The Return of Saad Zaghloul

I used to offer "Weekend Readings" on Fridays, but so many other sites are providing links to new reports from think tanks etc. that I now only link to those I find personally worth noting. Since I don't post on weekends, I've decided to introduce a new feature to give you something to look at over the weekend.

The rich collections of old video on YouTube and old photos on Flickr offer great insight into Middle Eastern history, and I've embedded lots of historical videos on this blog already. I've decided to select old videos (usually: perhaps occasionally stills) on one subject of historical interest and post for your weekend perusal. I may miss some weekends and I may lose interest, but let's try it out.

I decided to start with something very early in the era of video of the modern Middle East, video from 1923. Saad Zaghloul (Sa‘d Zaghlul) Pasha (1857-1927) may not be a household name today, outside of Egypt, but he is one of that country's great national heroes, and his photo is still prominently displayed by the Wafd Party, which he founded. A nationalist follower of Ahmad ‘Orabi, he worked against the British occupation and was jailed periodically. At the end of World War I, taking Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points at face value, he created an Egyptian delegation (Arabic: wafd) to the Paris Peace Conference. This time the British not only arrested him but exiled him to the Seychelles. One result was the Egyptian Reovlution of 1919, which in turn led to a grant of independence (though with a great many limitations on true sovereignty) to Egypt in 1922. In 1923, Zaghloul returned from exile to a hero's welcome, and in early 1924 he was elected Prime Minister in elections swept by his Wafd Party, taking its name from the delegation he sought to take to Paris. In November that year he resigned after less than a year as Prime Minister, and died in 1927. Though he actually led Egypt for less than a year, he is an icon of Egyptian nationalism: his house (Bayt al-Umma, home of the nation)( and his tomb are preserved in central Cairo. He is still venerated by the Wafd and little invoked by the government for that reason, but his statue stands at one end of one of the main bridges, facing the city. He is said to have used the motto in colloquial Egyptian " kulla haga mumkin," : "everything is possible," but his last words were " ma fish fayda" : "It's no use."

The two videos I've chosen to launch the series are of Zaghloul Pasha's 1923 return: one shows him aboard ship and after his return; the second is a video of the crowds welcoming him. Though there are some captions the videos of course were silent in 1923, so you don't need Arabic.

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